The tone system of Bangkok Hakka
泰国曼谷客家话的声调系统
Siripen Ungsitipoonporn 黄丽萍

Abstract 摘要
Hakka is one of the main dialect families of the Chinese language. Most Hakkas live in southern China, but some have historically immigrated to several countries in Southeast Asia, including Thailand. Although there are some reference works on the Hakka language, there has not yet been any acoustic study of Hakka tones. The acoustic study of tone is used for a clear comprehensive analysis of the tonal system. The purpose of this paper is to present an acoustic analysis of the tonal system of Hakka as spoken in Bangkok Thailand. Previous studies which have been based on auditory analyses (Pratoom: 1984, Jurairat: 2001, and Wandee: 2003) have identified only four tones in Hakka as spoken in Thailand. Furthermore, there were differences in the tone values described in these three studies. The results of acoustic analysis in this study show that there are six contrastive tones, viz. mid level, mid-low falling, mid falling, mid-high level, short mid falling, and short mid-high level in the Hakka language as spoken in Bangkok. Differences in the duration of live and dead syllables were found, with the former twice the duration of the latter. There are only two tone contours of level and falling. The differences between the start and end of F0 on syllables distinguish between a falling tone and a level tone. In addition, there are two allotones produced through tone sandhi. The first one occurs on Tone 1 Mid Level; its contour changes from -|33 to /|325 when it is followed by lower tones. The second allotone occurs on Tone 4 Mid-High Level; its contour changes from -|44 to \|53 when it is followed by another level tone. The acoustic measurement of Hakka tones provides a clearer and more comprehensive analysis of the Hakka tone system than the previous auditory descriptions.

以前一些基于听觉的研究发现泰国曼谷客家话有四个声调。由于学者们的结论一般都是基于耳听结果，其中存在着主观因素，因此各文献描写的声调调值也有所不同。本文主要是通过语音分析，客观探讨泰国曼谷客家话的声调系统。声学分析结果表明，曼谷客家话有六个单字调，分别是1. 阴平：中平调 [33] ; 2. 阳平：中低至低降调 [21] ; 3. 上声：中降调 [31] ; 4. 去声：次高平调 [44] ; 5. 阴入：促中降调 [32] 以及 6. 阳入：促次高平调 [5]。平调和降调是曼谷客家话的基本调型。另外，曼谷客家话塞韵尾音节的时长是长音节时长的一半。泰国曼谷客家话的连续变调有两种：1. 阴平中平调 [33] 在低调类字前变读为[325]; 2. 去声次高平调 [44] 在平调前变读[53]。相比以前的研究，本文为泰国曼谷客家话声调系统的声学研究提供了更客观而全面的资料。

Keywords 关键词

Acoustic analysis 声学分析 Hakka tone system 客家话声调系统变调规律 Tone sandhi, Hakka in Thailand 泰国曼谷客家话

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