2 WORD STRUCTURE: MORPHOLOGY AND WORD FORMATION

2.1 REDUPLICATION

2.1.1 Reduplication of nouns and classifiers

隻隻 (貓)
Jek-jek (māau) dōu leng
CL-CL (cat) all pretty
‘They (the cats) are all pretty.’

2.1.2 Reduplication of verbs and adjectives

夜夜 屋企
Go léui yé-yeh dōu meih fāan ūkkéi
CL daughter late-late still not-yet back home
‘My daughter still hasn’t come home though it’s so late at night.’

2.1.3 Onomatopoeic and sound-symbolic reduplication

夜晚 ◻◻聲
Ngóh yehmáahn tēng dóu gohk-gók-sēng
I evening hear PRT some knock-knock-sound
‘I heard a knocking sound at night.’

滑◻◻ waaht-lyūt-lyūt ‘smooth as a baby’s bottom’
臭◻◻ chau-bāng-bāng ‘smelly’

食鬼食馬 咩?
Sihk-gwái-sihk-máh mē? Lìhn yāt mān dōu móuh
eat-devil-eat-horse SFP even one dollar also not-have
‘How can (I) eat when (I) haven’t got a dime?’

2.2 PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

2.2.1 PREFIXES

阿英 a-Yīng (familiar form of names such as Méih-Yīng)

翻炒 fāan-cháau ‘re-use’ (verb)

反建議 fáan-ginyíh ‘counter-proposal’ (noun)

可靠 hó-kaau ‘reliable’

好睇 hóu-tái ‘good to look at/see’

難食 làahn-sihk ‘bad-tasting’

老闆 lóuh-báan ‘boss’

唔記得 m-geidāk ‘forget’ (lit. ‘not remember’)

2.2.2 SUFFIXES

今日 氣溫 呀?
Gāmyaht heiwān géi douh a?
today temperature how many degrees SFP
‘What’s today’s temperature?’

辦法 baahn-faat ‘solution, way out’

Ngóh hóu séung tái háh kéuih dím leng faat
I much want see DEL her how pretty way
‘I very much want to see how beautiful she really is.’

語言學家 yúhyìhn-hohk-gā ‘linguist’

基督教 Gēidūk-gaau ‘Christianity’

物理學 mahtléih-hohk ‘physics’

BB仔 bìhbī-jái ‘baby’

投資者 tàuhjī-jé ‘investor’

筷子 faai-jí ‘chopstick’

完美主義 yùhnméih-jyúyi ‘perfectionism’

細路女 sailouh-léui ‘girls’ (children)

鬼佬 gwái-lóu ‘(western) foreigner’

大肚婆 daaih-tóuh-pó ‘lit.big-stomach-woman = pregnant woman’

出版社 chēut-báan-séh ‘publisher’

教師 gaau-sī ‘teacher’

嚴重 yìhm-juhng ‘serious’ → 嚴重性 yìhm-juhng-sing ‘seriousness’

睇頭
yáuh tái-tàuh
have see-head
‘presentable’

紅紅哋 hùhng-húng-déi ‘reddish’
知知哋 jī-jī-déi‘know a bit’ (about a subject or fact)

麻麻哋 鍾意
Ngóh màh-má-déi jūngyi sáu jēk
I so-so-ish like this CL song SFP
‘I’m not too keen on this song.’

惡性循環 ngok-sing chèuhnwàahn ‘vicious cycle’

點解 複雜化?
Dímgáai jēung gihn sih fūkjaahp-fa?
why put CL matter complicate
‘Why complicate the matter?’

2.2.3 INFIXES

孤寒 gūhòhn ‘mean, stingy’ → 孤鬼寒 gū-gwái-hòhn ‘downright stingy’

mihn béi kéuih sihk gwái saai la
CL noodles by him eat devil all SFP
‘The noodles have been eaten up by him.’ (Too bad, none left for you.)

呀?
Gwái m̀h àh?
Devil not know SFP
‘Only the devil doesn’t know.’ (i.e. Everybody knows.)

乜嘢 呀?
Gwāan léih mātyéh sih a?
concern you what business SFP
‘It’s none of your business.’

2.3 COMPOUNDING

2.3.1 COMPOUND NOUNS

酒樓 jáu-làuh
wine-flat
‘restaurant’

洗衣機 sái-yī-gēi ‘(lit.) wash-clothes-machine = washing machine’

魚生 yùh-sāang
fish-raw
‘raw fish’

2.3.2 COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

中式 Jūng-sīk ‘Chinese-style’

藍色 làahm-sīk ‘blue’

有型 yáuh-yìhng ‘stylish’

2.3.3 VERB–OBJECT COMPOUNDS

讀書 duhk-syū
study-book
‘study’

皺眉頭 jau-mèihtàuh
wrinkle-eyebrow
‘frown’

出貓 chēut-māau ‘out-cat = cheat’ (in examinations, etc.)

唱 K cheung-kēi ‘sing-karaoke’

讀緊書 duhk-gán-syū
study-PROG-book
‘(be) studying’

游翻水 yàuh-fāan-séui
swim-again-water
‘go swimming again’

jáu géi chi tòhng
leave a-few time class
‘skip classes a few times’

唔使 多, 一定
Chín msái jaahn gam dō, màhn jauh yātdihng yiu yìh
money no-need earn so much emigrate then definitely need emigrate
‘Never mind earning money, we have to emigrate.’ (film)

尋晚
Chàhm-máahn móuh gaau hóu fan
last-night not-have sleep good sleep
‘I didn’t sleep well last night.’